Assignment Devry Free Essays

While genetic engineering is only being applied at crops at the moment, one has to wonder how long it will be before humans are unethically engineered and what will be the implication of such actions. An analysis of science fiction films, where genetic engineering is applied could provide a view Into the Implications of genetic engineer of humans on society. The popular science fiction film Cataract Is a perfect film to show the possible affects human genetic engineer could have on society. We will write a custom essay sample on Assignment Devry or any similar topic only for you Order Now In Cattle the technology to engineer people to near perfection has been made possible and the fate of everyone is known at the very moment of birth. The number of genetically enhanced humans is far rater than the number of natural born people, which has lead to a new form of social segregation. The film follows the life of one of the few of the natural born humans, named Vincent. Being a natural born, Vincent does not have many options and even worse he is diagnosed with a severe heart condition. From the start, it would seem that society (even Vincent own farther) would not consider him worthy of their attention. The only person that actually seemed to care about Vincent was his mother, who actually seemed to disapprove of the genetic engineer being done. One as to feel bad for Vincent and others like him, because nobody seemed to want anything to do with him. The schools would not accept him, because of his heart condition and his own farther did not consider Vincent worthy to care his name. Vincent parents eventually have another child who Is genetically altered: this son would be superior to Vincent in every way possible and the father would consider him worthy of his name. The film presents several important and very symbolic scenes, where Vincent and his brother Anton compete in swimming. Throughout their childhood, Anton would always win without ever having to give any effort. One day something Impossible happened Vincent the Imperfect natural born beat his perfectly genetically engineered brother. Years later, Vincent and Anton compete once more and when Vincent wins, he says he is able to do it, because he never saves anything for the swim back. One could view the swimming scenes as a metaphor for life. In life people have to compete against the forces of nature and others. Some people seem to be given everything on a silver platter, while others are given nothing. Just because mom people are given everything, It does not mean that those less fortunate cannot succeed. Violent Is a perfect example AT ten previous example; even tongs Nils brother is genetically superior, Vincent is able to beat his brother by training and working for his goals every day. Another interesting point of the film is the character Irene. Even with societies great technology there is still the possibility of errors and Irene is the best example of this statement. Irene is one of the many â€Å"perfect† beings except for one minor flaw, she has a heart murmur. This heart murmur proves that regardless of all of the advances made in technology cannot guarantee perfection 100% of the time. One has to feel for Irene, because despite being genetically engineered to near perfection she is not accepted by her fellow genetically altered brothers and sisters. The last significant character in the film is Jerome. Jerome is another one of the perfectly genetically engineered people, but he is described as being the best of the best. Unfortunately for Jerome, being perfectly engineered does not mean he would be successful at everything or that he would live a perfect life. Jerome had apparently laced second place once, which apparently demoralized him to the extent of attempting suicide. Groomer’s attempt of suicide was unsuccessful and it resulted in him becoming paralyzed, which would make him the perfect partner for Vincent. Groomer’s final action in the film is interesting, but not surprising. Jerome had tried to kill himself once before and it would only be a matter of time before he would try again. The ending of the film was the most informative and fascinating part of the whole film. When Vincent is his heading for the space shuttle he is given a surprise gene inspection by the doctor. Vincent does not have any of Groomer’s blood/urine samples and so it would seem that he is caught. Surprisingly, the doctor who conducted all of the testing on Vincent knew he was an In-Valid the entire time. The doctor let Vincent pass, because he had a son that apparently was an In-valid. In conclusion, it is apparent that Andrew Niccole, the director of Cattle, does not approve of genetic engineering. Niccole uses his film to paint the bleak picture of the future of genetic engineering. Now some people may doubt the relevance a film may eave on real world situations, but there are plenty of writers, scientist, and even scholars who would disapprove of genetic engineering. Victor Mafia wrote that genetic engineer would create a risk that the information discovered from genetic engineering would create a form of discrimination in the workforce (Mafia, 2001, p. 83). This fact is evident from the film Cattle. Discrimination in the workforce has always been a problem in the past and it would seem like the problem may evolve if genetic engineering becomes possible. Elizabeth Fenton, a philosopher, believes that genetic engineering will lead to the reaction of a new sub-species of humans and that the differences between the two species would lead one species to enslave or destroy the other (Fenton , 2008, p. 8). While in the film the enhanced beings never directly enslaved or destroyed the naturals, the naturals would never be more than lower class individuals. While there are plenty of people who argue against genetic engineering, there are still a few people who say that genetic engineering can have a place in the world. Clifton E. How to cite Assignment Devry, Papers

Old Melbourne Goal as a Cultural Heritage Site-Sample for Students

Question: Discuss about the Old Melbourne Goal as a Cultural Heritage Site. Answer: Introduction The Old Melbourne Gaol Museum is one of the most important heritage places in Australia which attracts lots of tourists on the regular basis. Recently, the importance of saving the heritage culture in Australia is increasing which has raised many concerns in order to protect these sites. This particular report has been made on The Old Melbourne Gaol Museum by analysing the relationship between different stakeholders, conservations principles applied to save the place, visitor statistics, marketing activities used, and sustainability principles applied. At, the end, proper recommendations are made in order to increase the customer and also the sustainable tourism. Main body Analysis of ownership and stakeholders and the current stage of relationship between heritage and tourism management at the site The Old Melbourne Gaol Museum is one of the biggest historical places in Australia which is visited by millions of tourists every year. It was once filled with the criminals, mentally disabled people and others who committed crimes (Donohoe, 2012). However, later, it was changed to the museum but still some artefacts of that time and also the gallows, where the prisoners were hanged are still in place. The building is currently owned and managed by the National Trust of Australia and it is its biggest stakeholders. Other than that, the tourists, central government, local communities are also its stakeholders. National Trust of Australia is a national peak body which is committed to preserve and promote Australias indigenous, natural and historic heritage. The Old Melbourne Gaol Museum is also managed by this trust only and it makes sure that the building is continuously managed by doing construction on the regular basis, maintaining the halls, gall ways, gardens, etc. the trust makes sure that the building is well preserved and because of that it takes care of the proper security so that people do not come and destroy the place. All the artefacts are well preserved by this trust in terms of their cleaning, care, maintenance so that it can attract lots of tourists on the regular basis (Duval and Smith, 2013) Other than this, the trust is also responsible for the appropriate promotion of this place so that lots of tourists can visit this place and learn about the past of Australias heritage. They make sure that all the tourists not only international but also the domestic one can understand the value of this place and visit it. The trust is doing great work in terms of attracting the tourists, etc. However, there are various things which are still unlooked like facilities for visitors, maintenance of the building, nearby areas, etc. The central government of Australia is also one of its stakeholders as they are responsible to provide the proper funds to NTA (National Trust of Australia) so that they can protect the Old Melbourne Gaol Museum in an effective manner. The government also selects the board of NTA and gives them the instructions to manage the heritage. The local community as a shareholder is also very important as they also have the responsibility to protect the local monument because it provides them with work opportunities as tourists guides, local sellers, hotels, etc. They have to make sure that the tourists do not harm the heritage and get home with lots of knowledge about the place. Tourists are also one of the important stakeholders of the heritage as these are the people who provide income to the local population, government, etc. These people may be local or international but are responsible to visit these places and get knowledge about them (Bramwell and Lane, 2012) The tourism management and cultural heritage management (CHM) often have a very awkward relationship. The CHM is directly responsible for the provision as well for the conservation of cultural heritage assets while the tourism management handles the role of product development and promotion role. There is always tension between these two bodies at The Old Melbourne Gaol Museum because the CHM argues that cultural values are being compromised for the commercial gains while tourism management says that tourism values are being compromised when a management attitude exists that any touristification has a corrupting influence. CHM says that they are trying their best to reintroduce people to their cultural roots and are also reinvigorating peoples interest in history and culture while tourism management argues that they are the one who promotes the place and aware people about the places like this (Alberti and Giusti, 2012). With this relationship, it can be said that it is important for NTA to interfere and make both the parties well aware of their roles and increase their collaborations. Conservation principles and concepts applied NTA has described different conservation principles, policies and guidance which are all been stated to preserve The Old Melbourne Gaol Museum. The first principle states that the historic environment is a shared resource which means that the people should value this heritage as a part of their culture and natural heritage because it reflects the knowledge, beliefs and traditions of the diverse communities. The heritage value represents the public interest, regardless of the ownership of NTA (Prideaux, Timothy and Chon, 2013). The use of different laws, public policy and public investment are justified in order to protect the interest of the public. There should be proper advice and assistance from public sources in order to help the owners sustain he heritage. The second principle states that everyone should be able to participate in sustaining the environment of The Old Melbourne Gaol Museum. People can freely contribute their knowledge in order to protect the place. Tourists should be able to learn to sustain the historic environment of the place and experts should encourage the other to learn about the place. The third principle states that understanding the significance of the place is very vital because it contains the diverse culture and natural heritage values that people get associated with. As per the fourth principle, The Old Melbourne Gaol Museum should be managed to sustain its value. Proper actions should be taken to counter the harmful effects of natural change or to minimise the risk of a disaster on time and in terms of severity and likelihood of identified consequences and sustainability (Briassoulis and Van der Straaten, 2013). There should be asperity in quality of design and execution so that it can be valued now and also in future. As per the fifth principle, the decision about change must be reasonable, transparent and consistent and should be done under expertise, experience judgement, etc. The last principle states that documenting and learning from decisions is essential in order to maintain the cumulative account of things that happened to The Old Melbourne Gaol Museum and the ways in which the significance of place got altered. Application and critical analysis of the Market Appeal Robusticity Matrix Market Appeal Robusticity Matrix is an assessment tool to be applied in a pro-active way in order to assess potential and determine issues that require resolution. It has two axis namely Market Appeal and Robusticity in which Market Appeal is focused on experiential and product values while Robusticity is focused on issues linked to physical and cultural values. Figure 1: Market appeal/ Robusticity matrix of Old Melbourne Gaol Museum The Old Melbourne Gaol was raised in the phases from 1851 to 1864 via Department of Public Works of the Victorian colony; the credit of design was given to the Chief Architect (Henry Ginn). The eldest remaining section which was the Second Cell Block between 1851 to 1853 that served as a museum and included a large block along with 3 cell tiers ending in the central hall in 1860 at the scaffold site. The block of the cell is properly preserved to give a complete understanding of the circumstances continued by the prisoners. Well, maintenance was provided to Chapel and entrance buildings, as these were the main focus to complex buildings. They have been changed on the inside; however, almost the work is convertible. The Old Melbourne Gaol Museum, Entrance buildings, and courtyard area of intellectual, artistic, architectural, technical and significant to the Victoria state. The site of the original gaol multifaceted and has archaeological significance to the State of Victoria. The building complex is significant in past for its major role in the oldest existing gaol in Melbourne, further the Remand, Debtors and woman prisons for the city area for much of its operational life where the prisoners were executed of original funerals of them at the gaol, inclusive of Ned Kelly. Above description shows that Old Melbourne Gaol has high Robusticity and medium Market appeal Cultural tourist visitor analysis and marketing activities attracting these types of tourists Cultural tourism in Australia is increasing day by day and the government is also trying their best to attract the customers with different marketing activities. There were total of 746, 100 visitors arrival during June in Australia and out of those 9% of the total people visited The Old Melbourne Gaol Museum which is a good number (Welch, 2013). However, the numbers are much less as compared to the other popular sites but still the places associated with death, ghost hoax, etc. are visited by less people (Jamal and Camargo, 2014). There was increase of 4% in the number of tourists since last year. In order to increase the number of visitors to The Old Melbourne Gaol Museum, the NTA is doing lots of initiatives so that more and more people can visit this place. The NTA organizes an annual fest in which the people are invited with different costumes and lots of competitions are held (Welch, 2017). People from all over the world are invited in the event via website of historical place and also via the Australian tourism website (Witcomb, 2013). Other than this, lots of promotions are done on the social media platforms with paid advertising so that people can learn about the place and generate the curiosity. The place is given on rent to various film and television makers so that its visibility can be increased on the national and international screens and people can be called with the increase in craze (Park, 2013). Analysis of current sustainability concepts and strategies applied at the site There are different kinds of sustainability initiatives and strategies that are adopted by NTA in order to bring sustainability in The Old Melbourne Gaol Museum. One of the biggest initiatives that the organization has taken is that they have completely banned the polybags near the site so that there is pollution. All the shops nearby have been told to use only paper bags so that it can be recycled appropriately (Joshi, 2012). The lightings in the facility are completely fuelled by the solar power and it has helped to reduce the energy consumption a lot. Water management is also encouraged by the NTA in The Old Melbourne Gaol Museum as proper facilities are there which collects the rainwater and then it is recycled it to provide fresh water to all the tourists. Steps are also taken in order to increase the greenery around the museum so that the green environment can be promoted. Recommendations to improve the management of stakeholders and appropriate changes to existing or the introduction of new sustainability strategies It is very important to improve the management of the stakeholders in The Old Melbourne Gaol Museum so that everyone can work together and increase the tourism at this place. The first thing that can be done is to improve the relations between tourism management and cultural heritage management (Buckley, 2012). Both can work together where tourism management can work in terms of increasing the tourism in the place and cultural heritage can provide the knowledge so that people can learn about this place more and more. Other than that, efforts can be made in order to remove the hoaxes regarding ghost and other illegal activities so that interest of tourists can be increased at The Old Melbourne Gaol Museum (Smith, 2017). People can be told regarding the interesting stories about this place so that curiosity in their mindset can be increased and they get instigated to visit the palace. The local environment can also be m in terms of providing better staying and eating facilities to the tourists. The place can also be rearranged with proper restroom facilities, food cafeteria, and rest facilities so that people can visit (Smith, Waterton and Watson, 2012). In terms of sustainability, the transportation can be changed and green vehicles should be allowed near the site. People should be told to throw the waste material in the dustbin which further can be recycled by establishing the waste management facilities (Ross, 2012). More greenery can be increased near the place by planting the trees and maintain the garden nearby. All the artefacts should be protected with proper care and people should not be allowed to touch them (Cohen and Cohen, 2012). Conclusion In accordance with the present study, conclusion can be drawn that role of stakeholders is very important as they all have been responsible for maintenance and promotion of this site. The study shows that NTA is trying hard to apply different conservation principles for the same and it has helped to increase the tourism. However, there are still some measures that can be taken by the NTA like strengthening relations among each other, apply sustainable measures, etc References Alberti, F.G. Giusti, J.D., (2012). Cultural heritage, tourism and regional competitiveness: The Motor Valley cluster.City, culture and society,3(4), pp.261-273. Bramwell, B. Lane, B., (2012). Towards innovation in sustainable tourism research?. Briassoulis, H. Van der Straaten, J. eds., (2013).Tourism and the environment: regional, economic, cultural and policy issues(Vol. 6). Springer Science Business Media. Buckley, R., (2012). Sustainable tourism: Research and reality.Annals of Tourism Research,39(2), pp.528-546. Cohen, E. Cohen, S.A., (2012). Current sociological theories and issues in tourism.Annals of Tourism Research,39(4), pp.2177-2202. Donohoe, H.M., (2012). Sustainable heritage tourism marketing and Canada's Rideau Canal world heritage site.Journal of sustainable tourism,20(1), pp.121-142. Duval, M. Smith, B., (2013). Rock art tourism in the uKhahlamba/Drakensberg World Heritage Site: obstacles to the development of sustainable tourism.Journal of Sustainable Tourism,21(1), pp.134-153. Jamal, T. Camargo, B.A., (2014). Sustainable tourism, justice and an ethic of care: Toward the just destination.Journal of Sustainable Tourism,22(1), pp.11-30. Joshi, M.P.V., (2012). Planning Cultural-Heritage Tourism for Sustainable Development. Park, H.Y., (2013).Heritage tourism. Routledge. Prideaux, B., Timothy, D. Chon, K. eds., (2013).Cultural and heritage tourism in Asia and the Pacific. Routledge. Ross, J.I., (2012). Touring imprisonment: A descriptive statistical analysis of prison museums.Tourism Management Perspectives,4, pp.113-118. Smith, L., Waterton, E. Watson, S. eds., (2012). The Cultural moment in tourism. Routledge. The Old Melbourne Gaol Museum., (2017). History. [Online]. Available Through: https://www.oldmelbournegaol.com.au/history/. [Accessed on 5 October 2017]. Tourism Australia., (2017). International Visitors Arrival. Online]. Available Through: https://www.tourism.australia.com/en/markets-and-research/tourism-statistics/international-visitor-arrivals.html. [Accessed on 5 October 2017]. Welch, M., (2013). Penal tourism and a tale of four cities: Reflecting on the museum effect in London, Sydney, Melbourne, and Buenos Aires.Criminology Criminal Justice,13(5), pp.479-505. Witcomb, A., 2013. Using Immersive and Interactive Approaches to Interpreting Traumatic Experiences for Tourists.Heritage and Tourism: Place, Encounters, Engagement, pp.152-70. Smith, L., 2017. Explorations in Banality: Prison Tourism at the Old Melbourne Gaol. InThe Palgrave Handbook of Prison Tourism(pp. 763-786). Palgrave Macmillan. Welch, M., 2017. Penal Tourism and the Paradox of (In) Humane Punishment. InThe Palgrave Handbook of Prison Tourism(pp. 479-495). Palgrave Macmilla

The Nineteen-seventies Was An Incredible Decade. It Was A Essays

The nineteen-seventies was an incredible decade. It was a decade of change, one of freedom, a time for great music. It was also an incredible decade for shock, fear and serial killers. John Wayne Gacy, an amateur clown, was a pedophiliac homosexual. He tortured and killed thirty three little boys and stored their remains under his house. David Berkowitz, a.k.a. the Son of Sam, stalked New York City from nineteen-sixty-seven to nineteen-seventy-seven. He claimed to have been following a voice from his dog that told him when and where to kill. Ted Bundy, who is believed to have killed at least thirty-four people, was charged for only three under his own defense- and in fact, he was commended by the judge for his own defense. He was put to death. With the combination of a very powerful media and a society fascinated with gruesome, sadistic crimes, modern serial killers have been put in the spotlight. We are enraptured with serial killers so much, that we pay seven dollars to go see a movie where everyone except the bad guys gets strangled, mutilated, or shot- and enjoy it in some sick way. The media goes out of its way to glamorize murder and terrify the public. We support killers like Charles Manson on Death Row with our tax dollars. In fact, we support them with more than that. About two months ago there was an art show in California entitled: The Death Row Art Show III. Pieces sold for thousands of dollars regardless of their aesthetic appeal, because of the identity of the artists. Serial killers are becoming as popular as rock stars. Serial killers are a development of the industrial world; they really didn't "come about" until the late eighteen-hundreds when society was becoming modernized and the threat of the new age sort of displaced some individuals so much they felt they had to kill to get their point across to society. Jack the Ripper is probably the most notorious killer in history because he established the serial killer profile. Ripper set up a pattern for the new line of mass murderers who would follow in the tradition of a truly organized killer. He had a sexual obsession with prostitutes that led him to target complete strangers for a days work. When he was done, he laid his victim out in a ritualistic manner with various disemboweled items placed strategically on or around the victim's corpse. Of course, murder has been around for centuries, committed by under-educated thieves. No one was interested in meeting, and hearing about a poor peasant that slit someones throat in a dark alley. But ever since the introduction of serial killers into our society, with their precision and strategy of the murder, the media became fascinated with these people, and so did society. So instead of killing or punishing these horrible people, we now have television networks arguing over movie rights to the killers story. News shows fighting to get the "exclusive interview". T-shirts with the killers faces on them(e.g.. the famous "Manson T-shirt"). The only explanation I can offer is that we are still obsessed with our own mortality, and we always will be. As long as we die, we'll be fascinated by those who seem to be invincible from death like, serial killers, Hitler...its almost as is we like to see the act of death itself, over and over, to observe the exact moment- or what it is that puts us over that incredible brink between life and death. I can honestly say I am fascinated with the serial killer. But since when did we condone the practice of serial killers? Why aren't they put to death promptly after being convicted, instead of being kept alive for the media to interview? You have to wonder who is making money in this. When we allow people like this to dominate our media, it's like we're saying its all right to murder. Did society and the media forget that the victims of those serial killers are us and our families? Its not the serial killers that affected the twentieth century so much, but the spotlight that allowed them to grow. Maybe if not for all the attention, there wouldn't of been so many deaths. There are so many maybes, so many problems. But it all comes down to one thing, basically, money. The media will do just about anything for money. When are they going to learn that they have been corrupting the minds and souls of observers everywhere? --- Works Cited Yofee, Ellen B. "Here Pigs!" Gear October 1995: 10-12 The editors of Time

The Effect Of Divorce On Sons Aggression Essays - Criminology

The Effect Of Divorce On Sons Aggression Essays - Criminology The Effect Of Divorce On Sons Aggression The Effect of Divorce on Sons Aggression The divorce rate has dramatically and progressively increased in recent years (Bridgeman Lowen & Mill, 1998). Many literatures have cited the varied effects of divorce on children. The most significant findings are affective (Carry, 1989) and behavioral (Wright, 1984) disturbances. Particularly, boys have been observed to be prone to anger (Pieri, 1985). Wilson and Ruth (1985) have speculated that the increase of behavior disorders and juvenile delinquency can be attributed, in part, to the increasing divorce rate. In their study of 300 juvenile delinquent boys, Cook and Turner (1978) noted a divorce rate among parents that was significantly higher than in a non-delinquent group of comparable age and socio-economic status. Absenteeism and referrals for disciplinary action were more frequent in a sample of Minnesota junior high school students whose parent were divorced than in a sample of students from unbroken families. (Zuk, 1987) Clinical theorists have presented a convincing rationale for these findings. Pieri (1985) has pointed out that the breakdown of the nuclear family and, as is typical, the departure of the father from the family, leads to anger stemming from the change in family status, disruption of secure routines, blame casting, depression, and economic stresses. Boys, who are apt to be more closely identified with the father, are more likely to display anger in the form of aggressive acting-out behavior (Wright, 1984). It is important that these clinical observations and theoretical formulations are subjected to more rigorous scientific assessment. The purpose of this study is to test the hypothesis that boys of divorced parents are prone to anger, thereby providing research support for existing theoretical formulations. This investigation aims to offer experimental confirmation of the idea that anger is a distinguishing characteristic of boys of divorced parents. Bibliography Reference Bridgeman, W. N., & Alvon, K. C. (1991). Marriage and divorce. Family Studies, 16, 133-150. Lowen, B. G., & Mill, A. (1998). Separation and divorce in contemporary society. Marriage Studies, 5, 145-152. Carry, L. (1989). The impact of divorce on families. Journal of Psychology, 198, 80-90. Wright, P. (1984). Behavioral consequences of divorce. Journal of Social Psychiatry, 9, 130-138. Pieri. T. H. (1985). Sex differences in emotional expression. Journal of Psychology, 175, 81-88. Wilson, F., & Ruth, K. (1985). Inquiry into the causes of juvenile delinquency. Delinquency Quarterly, 18, 145-156. Cook. Y. K., & Turner, C. (1978). Abandonment, divorce, and delinquency. Delinquency Quarterly, 5, 15-30. Zuk, O. (1987). The effect of divorce on school performance. Journal of Childhood Psychology, 6, 290-299.

Assessing the Essence of Teh Eclectic Paradigm

Aspects frequently highlighted include global media and telecommunications, global brands, worldwide production and integrated financial markets. At the forefront of these phenomena are Multi National Enterprises (MNEs), benefiting from the opening of markets across the globe, and from advances in computing and internet technology, which make it possible to link far-flung activities in global networks. Considering these elements, globalization can further be defined as the process of increasing and deepening interactions between individuals and organizations across the globe, facilitated by advancing communications technology and the opening of markets to trade and investment. Theories of International production have attempted to explain the convergence towards a globalised world, while addressing the different types of international expansions. These theories have focused on MNEs and Foreign Direct Investment (FDIs). FDI can be defined as investment by an organization in a business in another country, with a view to establishing production in the host country. While Raymon Vernon is known for his theory of Product life cycle, Stephen Hymer laid emphasis on the location and ownership advantages of countries, which helped in attracting FDI from MNEs. John Dunning incorporated Internalisation to the analysis of Hymer, which became known as the Eclectic Paradigm (or OLI Paradigm), one of the most comprehensive theoretical explanations with specific focus on FDI. Still the Eclectic Paradigm is being challenged in the modern globalised world, as it fails to take into account the implications of existing modes of entry of MNEs, as well as the advantages of Alliance Capitalism. It is being discussed further in this report. Theories of International production have greatly facilitated the understanding of the globalization phenomenon. Different theorists at different time intervals attempted to justify the expansion of MNEs across the globe. Hymer (1970) was the first one to propose that MNEs are institutions of international production rather than international capital movement. Still he ignored the natural imperfections attributed to transaction costs in an imperfect market. In today’s world, with the proliferation on Internet use, imperfections like bureaucratic hurdles and control of distribution systems (Bain, 1956) are absent. Even the imperfections like price determinism and information transfer are shrinking. Thus it can be argued that Hymer’s major contribution relating to the importance of structural market imperfection in determining FDI activity does not hold good for corporations, which are expanding globally through e-channels (for instance). Vernon (1966) came up with the International Product Life Cycle (IPLC) theory, which explained the locational dimension of FDI. According to him, production first starts in the home country fro local markets, and exporting is used to attain foreign markets. As the product matures and production is standardized, production moves to less developed countries to reduce labour costs. The basic assumption of the IPLC is that knowledge is not equally and universally distributed (Vernon, 1966). This assumption, however, is not applicable in today’s world, as Vernon (1979) himself admits that there is a more perfect distribution of knowledge across the globe. He argues that firms who are global scanners follow a different trend than that of the IPL approach, because such firms have the ability to effectively scan global markets for the best factor endowments. Though, a lot has been discussed and said on the theories of International production, yet none of the approaches (Hymer, Vernon, Barney) simultaneously explains the importance of resources heterogeneity, entrepreneurial competence, network governance and the rise of alliance capitalism. Thus, an overarching analytical framework is needed, that can synthesize these disparate views and account for the importance of location- based advantages and ownership advantages. Such a framework was developed by Dunning (1973; 1988; 1993) known as The Eclectic Paradigm. It is a framework that explains the growth of MNEs by bringing together disparate theories. According to Dunning, the Eclectic Paradigm is less of an alternative theory of International production and more of a framework that synthesizes the essential and common characteristics of each main theoretical explanation on the growth of MNEs. For more than two decades the Eclectic Paradigm (EP) remains a widely used general framework for studying the growth of MNCs and Dunning has also continuously revised and extended the EP to explain changing facets of MNCs. Dunning (1988) has re-stated that the EP is robust and general enough to incorporate future developments like renewed the focus on entrepreneurship and the emergence of global networks (Dunning, 1995). The Eclectic Paradigm explains that the Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and growth of multinational corporations (MNCs) is linked to the extent and nature of ownership-specific advantages of the firm, the extent and nature of location bound endowments, and the extent to which markets for these advantages are best internalized by the from itself. In short, it is the configuration of these Ownership (O), Location (L) and Internalization (I) advantages that determines a firm’s international production and growth. In a somewhat updated version, Dunning (1988) describes the three essential factors for international expansion: * Ownership Advantages are unique competitive or monopolistic advantages, typically developed in the home market, that permit the firm to compete successfully in overseas markets. These factors are of two types: Asset Advantages arise from proprietary ownership of unique assets protected by structural market distortions, and Transactional advantages provide a unique capacity to capture value from the transaction benefits of owning a network of assets located in different countries. * Location factors, tied to the local foreign market, which make production in the host country preferable. These are immobile factors, such as cheaper labour, high shipping costs, local image or trade barriers, that can be combined with transferable intermediate ownership assets to generate superior products. Internalisation factors, typically related to the industry, produce transactional market failure in transferring ownership advantages to foreign markets. This also explains the naming of the EP as the OLI configuration as well. The eclectic model, then, pulled together the key elements of neo-classical theory – location, industrial organisation theory – monopolis tic advantage and internalization theory – transactional efficiency. It used this eclectic mix to produce an internally consistent, compelling and testable model of the multinational firm and its strategic processes.

Demand assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Demand assessment - Essay Example There are various options for controlling diffuse pollution which are listed and discussed in the following sections. Soil and water pollution is a common feature of population growth which is brought about by industrialization, development in agriculture, and exploitation of natural resources. Man-made chemicals, pest control, discharge from agricultural activities; and chemical waste products from industries all contribute towards pollution. Diffuse pollution is a form of pollution which results from long term contamination from urban or rural human activities. Diffuse pollution originates from different sources. In rural areas diffuse pollution has a different context when compared to urban diffuse pollution. Rural diffuse pollution problems arise from poaching livestock, spraying of chemicals, the use of fertilisers in farming, soil erosion due to extensive forestry etc. These problems can be controlled by using the following options: Nitrogen and phosphorus are harmful chemicals which lost from the soil seep into groundwater and surface waters, and pollute them. Agro chemicals impact the ecology of river waters and drinking water through mere 0.1ÃŽ ¼g/1 (Defra 2009) Experts (DArcy 2004; Halm and Grathwohl 2005) are of the view that diffuse pollution control strategies should either reduce or restrict polluting substances. These can be achieved by adopting combination strategies to improve the environment. Intervention should be based on the following hierarchy of preferred control measures: The most preferred control option(s) for diffuse pollution should fall into the three broad categories of drainage infrastructure, containment or behavioural change. From the above listed diffuse pollution control options, the author recommends the following for each problem: i. Pollution from livestock - fencing of livestock is a viable option as it would help contain cattle heads

Areas of Legal Liability for Advanced Practice Nurses Essay

Areas of Legal Liability for Advanced Practice Nurses - Essay Example The failures to follow standards of care may include failure to institute a protocol or failure to use proper procedure for a particular skill. Under such circumstances, nurses are liable for damages caused as a result of their failure to implement proper actions. Hence, management should be ready to take necessary actions against nurses who violated proper standards of care. Such a response may assist the management to limit the liability for managers and the facility. Failure to use equipment responsibly falls under the category of direct breach of care, standards and it can be more easily proved. If a nurse deploys a clinical equipment for any use other than it was actually intended, he/she is liable to face legal consequences. In addition, it is observed that nurses often use equipments that they have not been adequately trained to use. If the misuse of the equipment causes any harm to patients, the nurse is in legal jeopardy. Hence, the management must ensure that they have employed adequate number of skilled and experienced nursing staff to prevent nurses from risking the life of patients. An effective nurse-patient ratio would reduce equipment errors significantly. In most of the nurse malpractice suits, an element of poor communication between nurse and patient, nurse and physician, or nurse and other healthcare providers is identified. The communication failure cases may include nurses’ failure to communicate all relevant patient data to the physician or discharge information to the patient. In order to avoid such troubles, the management may insist nurses to record all matters concerning patient care appropriately. In addition, it is advisable for the management to establish an effective reporting system in the care facility so that the flow of communication between nurses and other parties would become effective. In the eyes of law, if a nurse fails to document something appropriately, the court will consider as it